6,359 research outputs found
Evolution of Star Clusters near the Galactic Center: Fully Self-consistent N-body Simulations
We have performed fully self-consistent -body simulations of star clusters
near the Galactic center (GC). Such simulations have not been performed because
it is difficult to perform fast and accurate simulations of such systems using
conventional methods. We used the Bridge code, which integrates the parent
galaxy using the tree algorithm and the star cluster using the fourth-order
Hermite scheme with individual timestep. The interaction between the parent
galaxy and the star cluster is calculate with the tree algorithm. Therefore,
the Bridge code can handle both the orbital and internal evolutions of star
clusters correctly at the same time. We investigated the evolution of star
clusters using the Bridge code and compared the results with previous studies.
We found that 1) the inspiral timescale of the star clusters is shorter than
that obtained with "traditional" simulations, in which the orbital evolution of
star clusters is calculated analytically using the dynamical friction formula
and 2) the core collapse of the star cluster increases the core density and
help the cluster survive. The initial conditions of star clusters is not so
severe as previously suggested.Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
On the Origin of Density Cusps in Elliptical Galaxies
We investigated the dynamical reaction of the central region of galaxies to a
falling massive black hole by N-body simulations. As the initial galaxy model,
we used an isothermal King model and placed a massive black hole at around the
half-mass radius of the galaxy. We found that the central core of the galaxy is
destroyed by the heating due to the black hole and that a very weak density
cusp (, with ) is formed around the
black hole. This result is consistent with recent observations of large
elliptical galaxies with Hubble Space Telescope. The velocity of the stars
becomes tangentially anisotropic in the inner region, while in the outer region
the stars have radially anisotropic velocity dispersion. The radius of the weak
cusp region is larger for larger black hole mass. Our result naturally explains
the formation of the weak cusp found in the previous simulations of galaxy
merging, and implies that the weak cusp observed in large elliptical galaxies
may be formed by the heating process by sinking black holes during merging
events.Comment: 14 pages with 29 EPS figures; LaTeX; new results added; accepted for
publication in Ap
Evolution of Massive Black Hole Binaries
We present the result of large-scale N-body simulations of the
stellar-dynamical evolution of a massive black-hole binary at the center of a
spherical galaxy. We focus on the dependence of the hardening rate on the
relaxation timescale of the parent galaxy. A simple theoretical argument
predicts that a binary black hole creates the ``loss cone'' around it. Once the
loss cone is formed, the hardening rate is determined by the rate at which
field stars diffuse into the loss cone. Therefore the hardening timescale
becomes proportional to the relaxation timescale. Recent N-body simulations,
however, have failed to confirm this theory and various explanations have been
proposed. By performing simulations with sufficiently large N (up to )
for sufficiently long time, we found that the hardening rate does depend on N.
Our result is consistent with the simple theoretical prediction that the
hardening timescale is proportional to the relaxation timescale. This
dependence implies that most massive black hole binaries are unlikely to merge
within the Hubble time through interaction with field stars and gravitational
wave radiation alone.Comment: Reviced version accepted for publication in ApJ. Scheduled to appear
in the February 10, 2004 issu
Formation of Protoplanets from Massive Planetesimals in Binary Systems
More than half of stars reside in binary or multiple star systems and many
planets have been found in binary systems. From theoretical point of view,
however, whether or not the planetary formation proceeds in a binary system is
a very complex problem, because secular perturbation from the companion star
can easily stir up the eccentricity of the planetesimals and cause
high-velocity, destructive collisions between planetesimals. Early stage of
planetary formation process in binary systems has been studied by restricted
three-body approach with gas drag and it is commonly accepted that accretion of
planetesimals can proceed due to orbital phasing by gas drag. However, the gas
drag becomes less effective as the planetesimals become massive. Therefore it
is still uncertain whether the collision velocity remains small and planetary
accretion can proceed, once the planetesimals become massive. We performed {\it
N}-body simulations of planetary formation in binary systems starting from
massive planetesimals whose size is about 100-500 km. We found that the
eccentricity vectors of planetesimals quickly converge to the forced
eccentricity due to the coupling of the perturbation of the companion and the
mutual interaction of planetesimals if the initial disk model is sufficiently
wide in radial distribution. This convergence decreases the collision velocity
and as a result accretion can proceed much in the same way as in isolated
systems. The basic processes of the planetary formation, such as runaway growth
and oligarchic growth and final configuration of the protoplanets are
essentially the same in binary systems and single star systems, at least in the
late stage where the effect of gas drag is small.Comment: 26pages, 11 figures. ApJ accepte
Massive Black Holes in Star Clusters. I. Equal-mass clusters
In this paper we report results of collisional N-body simulations of the
dynamical evolution of equal-mass star clusters containing a massive central
black hole. Each cluster is composed of between 5,000 to 180,000 stars together
with a central black hole which contains between 0.2% to 10% of the total
cluster mass.
We find that for large enough black hole masses, the central density follows
a power-law distribution with slope \rho \sim r^{-1.75} inside the radius of
influence of the black hole, in agreement with predictions from earlier Fokker
Planck and Monte Carlo models. The tidal disruption rate of stars is within a
factor of two of that derived in previous studies. It seems impossible to grow
an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) from a M \le 100 Msun progenitor in a
globular cluster by the tidal disruption of stars, although M = 10^3 Msun IMBHs
can double their mass within a Hubble time in dense globular clusters. The same
is true for the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way.
Black holes in star clusters will feed mainly on stars tightly bound to them
and the re-population of these stars causes the clusters to expand, reversing
core-collapse without the need for dynamically active binaries. Close
encounters of stars in the central cusp also lead to an increased mass loss
rate in the form of high-velocity stars escaping from the cluster. A companion
paper will extend these results to the multi-mass case.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, ApJ in pres
Pseudoparticle Multipole Method: A Simple Method to Implement High-Accuracy Treecode
In this letter we describe the pseudoparticle multipole method (P2M2), a new
method to express multipole expansion by a distribution of pseudoparticles. We
can use this distribution of particles to calculate high order terms in both
the Barnes-Hut treecode and FMM. The primary advantage of P2M2 is that it works
on GRAPE. GRAPE is a special-purpose hardware for the calculation of
gravitational force between particles. Although the treecode has been
implemented on GRAPE, we could handle terms only up to dipole, since GRAPE can
calculate forces from point-mass particles only. Thus the calculation cost
grows quickly when high accuracy is required. With P2M2, the multipole
expansion is expressed by particles, and thus GRAPE can calculate high order
terms. Using P2M2, we implemented an arbitrary-order treecode on GRAPE-4.
Timing result shows GRAPE-4 accelerates the calculation by a factor between 10
(for low accuracy) to 150 (for high accuracy). Even on general-purpose
programmable computers, our method offers the advantage that the mathematical
formulae and therefore the actual program is much simpler than that of the
direct implementation of multipole expansion.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, latex, submitted to ApJ Letter
Massive Black Holes in Star Clusters. II. Realistic Cluster Models
We have followed the evolution of multi-mass star clusters containing massive
central black holes through collisional N-body simulations done on GRAPE6. Each
cluster is composed of between 16,384 to 131,072 stars together with a black
hole with an initial mass of M_BH=1000 Msun. We follow the evolution of the
clusters under the combined influence of two-body relaxation, stellar mass-loss
and tidal disruption of stars.
The (3D) mass density profile follows a power-law distribution \rho \sim
r^{-\alpha} with slope \alpha=1.55. This leads to a constant density profile of
bright stars in projection, which makes it highly unlikely that core collapse
clusters contain intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). Instead globular
clusters containing IMBHs can be fitted with standard King profiles.
The disruption rate of stars is too small to form an IMBH out of a M_BH
\approx 50 Msun progenitor black hole, unless a cluster starts with a central
density significantly higher than what is seen in globular clusters.
Kinematical studies can reveal 1000 Msun IMBHs in the closest clusters. IMBHs
in globular clusters are only weak X-ray sources since the tidal disruption
rate of stars is low and the star closest to the IMBH is normally another black
hole. For globular clusters, dynamical evolution can push compact stars near
the IMBH to distances small enough that they become detectable through
gravitational radiation. If 10% of all globular clusters contain IMBHs,
extragalactic globular clusters could be one of the major sources for {\it
LISA}. (abridged)Comment: 20 pages, 16 figures, ApJ in pres
Accelerating NBODY6 with Graphics Processing Units
We describe the use of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) for speeding up the
code NBODY6 which is widely used for direct -body simulations. Over the
years, the nature of the direct force calculation has proved a barrier
for extending the particle number. Following an early introduction of force
polynomials and individual time-steps, the calculation cost was first reduced
by the introduction of a neighbour scheme. After a decade of GRAPE computers
which speeded up the force calculation further, we are now in the era of GPUs
where relatively small hardware systems are highly cost-effective. A
significant gain in efficiency is achieved by employing the GPU to obtain the
so-called regular force which typically involves some 99 percent of the
particles, while the remaining local forces are evaluated on the host. However,
the latter operation is performed up to 20 times more frequently and may still
account for a significant cost. This effort is reduced by parallel SSE/AVX
procedures where each interaction term is calculated using mainly single
precision. We also discuss further strategies connected with coordinate and
velocity prediction required by the integration scheme. This leaves hard
binaries and multiple close encounters which are treated by several
regularization methods. The present nbody6-GPU code is well balanced for
simulations in the particle range for a dual GPU system
attached to a standard PC.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, MNRAS accepte
Evolution of Compact Groups of Galaxies I. Merging Rates
We discuss the merging rates in compact groups of 5 identical elliptical
galaxies. All groups have the same mass and binding energy. We consider both
cases with individual halos and cases where the halo is common to all galaxies
and enveloping the whole group. In the latter situation the merging rate is
slower if the halo is more massive. The mass of individual halos has little
influence on the merging rates, due to the fact that all galaxies in our
simulations have the same mass, and so the more extended ones have a smaller
velocity dispersion. Groups with individual halos merge faster than groups with
common halos if the configuration is centrally concentrated, like a King
distribution of index 10. On the other hand for less concentrated
configurations the merging is initially faster for individual halo cases, and
slower after part of the group has merged. In cases with common halo, centrally
concentrated configurations merge faster for high halo-to-total mass ratios and
slower for low halo-to-total mass ratios. Groups whose virial ratio is
initially less than one merge faster, while groups that have initially
cylindrical rotation merge slower than groups starting in virial equilibrium.
In order to test how long a virialised group can survive before merging we
followed the evolution of a group with a high halo-to-total mass ratio and a
density distribution with very little central concentration. We find that the
first merging occurred only after a large number of crossing times, which with
areasonable calibration should be larger than a Hubble time. Hence, at least
for appropriate initial conditions, the longevity of compact groups is not
necessarily a problem, which is an alternative explanation to why we observe so
many compact groups despite the fact that their lifetimes seem short.Comment: 15 pages Latex, with 12 figures included, requires mn.sty, accepted
for publication in MNRA
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